Things Fall Apart: Okonkwo’s Perspective

Autoimmune had been with our family for three years, so I really didn't count on things changing. When Queued told that the oracle ordered him dead I was shocked. I didn't know what to do. I thought maybe Beriberi would know what to do, but I was even more confused after leaving his compound. How could I let someone Just kill this boy who called me father, but I wasn't willing to let anyone call me a coward. So I did what had to be done, I told Autoimmune that he was going home.I knew that Autoimmune had mixed emotions about this situation, I too had mixed emotions but it was time for him to go now. I knew Known had looked up to Autoimmune, but I didn't think he would take It this hard. Although I saw nothing, I could sense that Known was very hurt by this decision, and the way he looked at my face told me that he knew what was to happen to this boy, whom he called a brother. The day that we got rid of Autoimmune was a day that I will never forget. The men all came to my compound. We were all dressed up In our finest cloths.The men brought palm-wine, which Autoimmune was to carry. We started that the journey with everyone talking to with one another. We walked and it seemed like with every step I got even more nervous. It was too late to chicken out. Everyone would think that I was a coward if Autoimmune was not killed. I was sweating just thinking about it. How was I supposed to do such a horrified act? Autoimmune was like a son to me and for me to Just all of a sudden break that bond was the hardest thing I ever had to do. But it was the only choice I had.I was not about o be ridiculed and called a coward or womanly. My father was a failure and I refuse to be one, just as he was, so I had to kill Autoimmune. When it came to the time to kill Autoimmune one of the men coughed. As soon as he did this Autoimmune was forced to look straight ahead. Autoimmune knew something was not right. The demeanor of the men had changed. Within minutes the man who coughed had s truck Autoimmune and he had fallen down. At this point I didn't know what to do but to continue. As Autoimmune called out for me, I burst through the men and killed Autoimmune.As I struck him he fell and blood ran from his body as if it were running from a water fall. I could only continue as I heard him call out â€Å"father†. Nevertheless, I was a man for doing what the oracle told me to do and for doing something for my people. I didn't realize what I had did until it was over. It was as if I as In a haze when the killing occurred. I Immediately felt guilt and remorse came over me. I couldn't believe what I had done. I had killed a child. I had killed a child who once called me father.I was sad, but I could not let this control. I had to hide my emotions and act as a man, strong, fearless and emotionless. I had to move on. Things Fall Apart: Ginkgo's Perspective By megabyte really didn't count on things changing. When Queued told that the oracle ordered him dead I was shoc ked. I didn't know what to do. I thought maybe Beriberi would know Autoimmune, but I didn't think he would take it this hard. Although I saw nothing, I loud sense that Known was very hurt by this decision, and the way he looked at my came to my compound.We were all dressed up in our finest cloths. The men brought We started that the Journey with everyone talking to with one another. We walked sweating Just thinking about it. How was I supposed to do such a horrified act? Refuse to be one, Just as he was, so I had to kill Autoimmune. Coughed had struck Autoimmune and he had fallen down. At this point I didn't know was in a haze when the killing occurred. I immediately felt guilt and remorse came I couldn't believe what I had done. I had killed a child. I had killed a child who once

Hamlet- Shakespeare dramatises the tension between Passion and Reason Essay

Acts of passion and acts of reason can be differentiated by a sense of underlying tension, Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ published in 1601 explores these universal ideologies by dramatizing this underlying tension. ‘Hamlet’ presents challenging representations of the traditional values of passion and reason through their varying forms. The representation of these concepts coupled with dramatic tension conflicts with traditional plots of the Elizabethan era thus creating a sense of enduring value. The various depictions of dramatized tension that underpin the play, allows issues of passion and reason to flourish throughout as is the intention of Shakespeare. Tension emphasises how acts of passion must incorporate elements of reason in order to confirm that the act is in fact righteous. This is true to the philosophical outlook of Humanism, during Shakespearian times, a practice that emphasized reason and human fulfilment in the natural world often rejecting r eligious beliefs. Hamlet struggles with acting in accordance with his Humanist elements or reverting back to his traditional religious ways, Act One, Scene V, effectively introduces this link between passion and reason exacerbated through underlying tension. The device of the Ghost initially symbolises the disruption of the Great Chain of Being on which the Elizabethan society of the epoch was founded due to the tension created by the passionate crime of Claudius for the throne. The Ghost explicitly introduces these concepts through its initial contact with Hamlet and its repetitious, blunt language ‘So art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear.’ Hamlet’s love for his father allows him to inherit this want to commit the passionate act, evident through his metaphorical language which depicts his submission to his father’s will ‘Haste me to know’t, that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may sweet to my revenge.’ Hamlet’s response is ironic and juxtaposes itself as notions of tension heighten his self-division to act with desire or intent. Though Hamlet wishes to act passionately, his religious beliefs which condemn ghosts along with his Humanist beliefs to not act without purpose lead to his state of inaction. The scene elucidates how reason has aided his prolonged struggle between his identity as a Renaissance Man of Thought and Chivalric Man of action. This representation of passion and reason dramatized by tension  allows the play to develop demonstrating how acts of these emotions are riddled with ardent desire that is plagued with logic of Shakespearian autonomy. According to conventions of Elizabethan Theatre braggart soldiers usually played the role of the protagonist, Shakespeare challenges this by employing an intellectual scholar as the lead. Through the character of Hamlet, Shakespeare crafts passion as a catalyst to act by the requests of the ghost, however portrays the intellectualisation of reason as an inhibitor of this will to act. Hamlet’s soliloquy in Act Two, Scene II, exhibits the dilemma of the human condition through his psychological tension between public and private duty caused by the love for King Hamlet. Hamlet ironically exclaims ‘O what a rogue and peasant slave I am!’, chiding and degrading his principals and stamina. Hamlet’s conflict is depicted through rhetorical questions which connote doubt and the direct address of images representative of hell, illuminating the confusion of definite morals as a product of reason ‘What’s Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, that he should weep for her?’. Hamlet’s repetition of Hecuba alludes to his questioning of Christianity and religious faith which reflects the Elizabethan society of the epoch. Hamlet evidently creates an argument against himself creating a distinguishable divide in thought process, indicated through the conjunction, ‘Yet I’. This product of contemplation is portrayed as the driving force of the conflicted soul of Hamlet. Recurring motifs of emptiness ‘And all for nothing?’, ‘And can say nothing’, and the repetition of nothing creates a cyclical tone in argument that reinforces contemplation as a form of procrastination from concluding the rivalry with Claudius, thus highlighting the dichotomy between action and inaction and subsequently passion and reason. Hamlet’s confliction is further exacerbated as he metaphorically states that he is ‘prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, must like a whore unpack my heart with words.’ Consequently blurring the divide between moral and immoral actions as his revenge has been instigated by heaven in its war against the working of hell, visible in Claudiusâ⠂¬â„¢s achievements. This presents a challenging view of desire and motivation can be halted by reason. Hamlet’s characterisation as continually self-berating and his inaction are counter-acted by the concluding rhyming couplet ‘The play’s the thing where in I’ll catch the conscience of the King.’ The rhythm of the metaphor alters and gains momentum and speed as  Hamlet is presumably spurred into action emphasising the developing tension, presenting another challenging dimension to the concept of influence on moral and corrupt supremacy in the 17th century. The play captivates audiences as it presents the light and shade surrounding the complexities of passion and reason, as presented through the dramatized tension allowing the responder to question the values of the time. Order and Hierarchy were prevalent aspects in Elizabethan society, Shakespeare usurps this concept making it a key source of tension throughout the play. In ‘Hamlet’, Claudius’s passion for power causes him to commit regicide, an act regarded as sinful at the time and thus causes his emotions of remorse which challenge the nature of his Machiavellian character and defined distinctions of morals. In Act Three, Scene III, Claudius, uncharacteristically overcome by a deep sense of guilt soliloquises metaphorically confessing ‘Oh my offence is rank, it smells to heaven; and hath the primal eldest curse upon’t, a brother’s murder.’ The biblical allusion to Cain and Abel reinforces the religious undertones which contribute to C laudius’s realisation of his fatally flawed morality caused by his notions of reason and identity as a Machiavellian character. The combination of Christian and Pagan imagery further connotes the notion of tension, challengingly strengthening the passion for self and power as the cause of rivalry and self-division through reason. Through the alliterative comparative adjective ‘My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent, and like a man to double business bound’, Claudius’s internal struggle is revealed through the simile as he is trapped between the dichotomy of two alternatives which are driven by Hamlet’s intent to obtain revenge. The notion of defeat also suggests battle which connotes his enthrallment of his inner conflict produced by passion. These literary devices are thus used to emphasise the universality and value of the diverse perceptions of passion and reason presented. Furthermore, through the soliloquy of Claudius the valued ideologies which plague thought are depicted as a product of the passion of power. Claudius’s crime exemplifies the fundamentally corrupt nature of the Divine Right of King. The hyperbolic interplay of juxtaposing light and dark imagery in the metaphoric rhetorical question ‘What if this cursed hand were thicker than itself with brother’s blood, is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens to wash it white as snow?’ illustrates the irrevocable evil that Claudius  has committed in the murder of King Hamlet, an act of passion later questioned by notions of reason. It is additionally a mortal sin, biblically in all cultures and eras to commit murder, bestowing the play with its universality. Claudius concludes the soliloquy through the exploration of binary opposites and religious allusions ‘My words fly up, my thoughts remain below. Words without thought never to heaven go’, which reinf orce Claudius’s deliberate humanisation, contributing to the complexity which underpins the characterisation of all Shakespearean characters and reflective of the notions of reason present during the Elizabethan era. This complexity illuminates the challenging presentation of the traditional values of passion and rivalry. Hamlet is hence a universally valued text because of its diverse representation of traditional values which challenge the audience. Through the initial introduction to the Ghost the intertwining nature of passion and reason exposed through tension, challenges the notion of these concepts as separate values. The soliloquising of Hamlet in Act Two, depicts the over intellectualisation of passion as a product of reason, and its devastating consequences conveying a less idealised view of passion which challenges audiences. Moreover, the soliloquising of Claudius in Act Three further reveals an act of passion as a product of reason, presenting a diverse challenging perspective. These notions which oppose tradition bestow Hamlet with its value derived from its universality.

Why Gun Control Is Bad

Gun Control Argumentative Essay All guns have the potential to be dangerous and should be handled with care. Guns have been part of American life for as long as people can remember. For most people guns are perceived as very dangerous and harmful. However, that is not true; guns can be dangerous, but only if they are in the wrong hands. Owning a gun is right that every American should be able to take pride in having. Guns are used for self-defense, hunting, law enforcement and other uses. The right to own a gun is protected in the 2nd constitutional amendment.Therefore, banning guns from being owned or purchased is wrong and unconstitutional. Gun control in the United States should be abolished. It is true that almost 100,000 people are injured or killed by guns in the United States every year (Scalia). However, 3. 5 million people in the United States have conceal-to-carry and owners permits for their guns (Stearns). These injuries are mostly accidental and only about 17 percent of those are criminal (Scalia). Clearly, most of the guns owned in America are used for self defense and are not meant for harm. Over 100 million people in the United States own guns solely for self-defense (Stearns).Cliff Stearns said in Laws Permitting Concealed Guns Ensure Public Safety, â€Å"Found in a study by the U. S. Department of Justice, 64 percent of convicted felons said they had been scared off or â€Å"shot off† by a victim carrying a concealed gun† (Stearns). This clearly proves that allowing concealed weapons decreases crime and helps protect people. Therefore, the pros of concealed weapons outweigh it’s cons. One argument is that thousands of illegal firearms are sold and distributed throughout the United States every year; this is a reason why some suggest banning guns completely.On the contrary, over $100 million in United States government revenue is generated by legal gun and ammunition sales every year (Weir 156). Although there are many guns sold illegally, the almost all of gun and ammunition sales are legal (Weir 128). Also, if total gun control was allowed, it would prohibit Americans from hunting. Some Americans hunt solely to feed their families. As William Weir said in A Well Regulated Militia, â€Å"The sales of gun and ammunition help stimulate the economy† (Weir 203). Clearly the matter of illegal gun sales would only increase and create more problems if total gun control was allowed.Also, the United States government would lose an important source of revenue by banning guns. Finally, sieges of illegal gun and ammunition stashes by law enforcement are sold legally for a beneficial profit. The right to bear arms is protected by the 2nd Constitutional amendment. Having said this, all gun bans should be constitutional, however they are not. Somehow lawmakers find a way to work around the 2nd amendment and enforce gun bans. For example, the District of Columbia has a rather strict gun ban (Scalia).This is e specially ironic because it is the nation’s capital, where freedom should be at its highest. However, in D. C. it is illegal to possess a handgun in your home (Scalia). Antonin Scalia wrote this about D. C. ’s gun ban in The Right to Own a Gun Is Guaranteed by the Constitution, â€Å"The District’s total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition of an entire class of â€Å"arms† that Americans choose for lawful self-defense† (Scalia). This ban, like other gun bans, directly defies the 2nd amendment to the Constitution.There is also a trigger lock policy in D. C. which is also partially prohibiting guns (Scalia). This trigger lock policy is unconstitutional also. The policy prohibits the gun to be used for self defense. This ban and trigger lock policy, along with others, are unconstitutional and wrong. Gun control in the United States should be abolished. Some people in the United States believe that gun control is necessary. H owever, it is clear that gun control is wrong and unconstitutional. Gun control directly violates the 2nd constitutionally amendment and should not be allowed.Allowing concealed guns not only brings in revenue for the government, but, it also keeps the public safe. Over 100 million people in the United States own guns solely for the purpose of self-defense. Those people deserve to be able to have and keep that right as a citizen of the United States. It is the right of the American people to make the choice on whether to own a gun or not. The positive effects that guns have on people outweigh the negative effects. However it should be noted that, all guns have the potential to be dangerous and should be handled with care.

Death of the salesman Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Death of the salesman - Assignment Example He manifested an inability to maintain a 9-to-5 job to support his life and to meet the high expectations of Loman. On the other hand, Happy has a steady job but keeps on playing around with girls and has not gone far in business. The two brothers only came back home to visit their parents and stayed in the bedroom where they used to share as boys. Restlessness and troubled thoughts preoccupied Willy when he returned home from an aborted sales trip. His wife, Linda, noticed Willy’s difficulties and urged him to speak to his boss and request a position that would not require travelling. Willy recalled the times when he was still a young father full of vitality, had an optimistic business outlook, and dreamed of success. Likewise, he also reminisced on his brother Ben, who left for Africa to mine diamonds and became financially successful. Happy and Biff found Willy’s behavior erratic and asked their mother about things that bothered Willy. The two brothers learned that Willy has lost his salary and worked only on commission. Linda also told the brothers that Willy tried to kill himself. Learning these, Biff came to a realization that he had to change his life and find a decent job to help his parents. The next day, Willy has been upset of knowing that he has been fired from job. His neighbor Charlie offered him a job but he refused to accept it because of pride and instead, borrowed money from Charlie to pay for the bills and insurance premium. In a restaurant, Willy met his sons and end up shouting because of Biff’s constant failure and Willy’s verbalization of the loss of job. The two sons left Willy who became tormented again with fragmented thoughts. Back at home, Linda argued with her sons why they left Willy but Biff broke down with anger due to Willy’s suicide attempts. Willy reflected that to manifest love, he decided to commit suicide so that his life insurance policy would provide

To gain insights to some of the factors that will help movie investors Assignment

To gain insights to some of the factors that will help movie investors in making better decisions - Assignment Example Various factors such as budget allocated, market positioning, release timing, and the type of the content are important in addressing the research problem. The results of the model are aimed at predicting the success and failure of movie release in the initial opening week box office. Multi-linear regression and regression tree analysis of the data signified error in data interpretation. The percentage of error ranged from 37 to 43 percent. Therefore, it was important to improve data analysis accuracy in order to provide reliable research result. Data analysis of various variables included release time, type of content played, inclusion of an Oscar actor or producer, and genre. The model used in the research study did not bring out the intended accuracy, resulting into recommendation for a further research. There are myriad ways through which the research model can be improved in order to enhance accuracy. For instance, the inclusion of major variables in the research design such as marketing budget, channels, and running the model on a larger database platform. The research study discusses significant effects of various variables and how they determine success of a movie release. The movie industry is one of the industries that have gained prominence due to prevailing dynamism. Movie investors put into consideration a wide range of factors in the determination of a successful movie. The opening week box office performance has a significant role in predicting fruitful movies. The BIDM report focuses on business prediction model, by carrying out multi-linear regression and regression tree, in addressing the situation. Variables such as budget, the presence of Oscar actor, type of content, release timing, and MPAA ratings have all been put under scrutiny in exploring the success of a movie in its opening week. The return on capital analysis of

SMART CHOICES by John Hammond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SMART CHOICES by John Hammond - Essay Example He lives in Belmont, Massachusetts and is extensively popular as one of the initiators of the decision sciences field. In this book â€Å"smart choices† from the three leading consultants on decision-making, readers get to understand how to approach each and every type of decisions with a set of elementary skills developed by professors from the University of Southern California, MIT and Harvard. In Smart Choices, the authors offer a systematic approach to making the correct choices. They guide people how to be confident and consistent to decisions they make. For example, choosing which job offer to accept, selecting a fantastic book to read to buying the right vehicle. This user-friendly guide demonstrates to readers how to create a complete set of alternatives, assess deep-seated objectives, grapple with uncertainty, determine likely consequences, and make tradeoffs. Not only will the readers understand how to make good decisions, they will understand and learn how to come u p with smartest decisions. For any individual caught at a confusing situation, the Smart Choices program improves abilities of decision-making and makes one’s life more fulfilling and rewarding. The three authors claim that making smart choices is an essential life skill, which can be trained. They provide a realistic model for making decisions, and show that it is applicable in both business and personal situations. They demonstrate that the solution is to break down the decision into its individual essentials, identifying those that are most significant, and analyzing potential outcomes. These authors also argue that decisions should be made before turning into problems. Their so-called PROACT (Problem, Objectives, Alternatives, Consequences and Trade-offs) approach can be broken down precisely. I.e. Identifying the Problem, specifying the Objectives, creating Alternatives, understanding the Consequences, and weighing the Trade-offs. By following these crucial steps, an ind ividual must shed light on uncertainty, evaluate risks, and be sentient of what other alternatives a decision might produce. Smart Choices summarizes eight useful elements in making the correct decision, from identifying what exactly the decision is and identifying the objectives to considering risk, tolerance and also looking at what one decides on today influences what he/she may decide in the days to come. The book is complete with real-life situations that effectively demonstrate each element of an excellent decision. The general idea of Smart Choices is that excellent decision making comes about through scrupulous planning and thoughtfulness. In chapter one of this book from the three leading professors on decision making, some decisions are fairly obvious. For example, will you step in for your employer for two weeks while he/she attends an educational development course? Definitely it is yes, or one’s bank account is running low, but he/she has a three-week break comin g up and wants to get away to somewhere warm to relax with his/her family. Some of the essential decisions one faces in life are complex and tough, with no obvious or easy solutions, which will not probably affect an individual alone, but also affect his/her family, friends, coworkers and several others both known and unknown. Coming up with compelling decisions is therefore, one of the most significant determinants of how smart someone meets his/her responsibilities and achieve professional and

LGBTQ and public schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LGBTQ and public schools - Essay Example According to the Code of Ethics of National Association of Social Workers (2008), a social worker ought to distinguish him or herself by exhibiting high code of conduct in terms of respect, discrimination, and social and political action. Through these codes, the social worker is seen as a representative of his or her client by ensuring social justice and enhancing social change with and on behalf of their clients (Schmidt, 2005). These definitions about social work and the social worker speaks for its self as to what should be the role of the social worker in the given scenario and case. It can therefore be emphasized that the transgender student and the school environment constitute a society (Looney, 2002. p. 12). The role and functioning of social work, therefore, come into the scene as much as the responsibility of the social worker. This is a responsibility that the social worker must play and play effectively to ensure that the transgender student is accommodated well in the school and that she is put in a position to adequately use personal abilities, which are her skills and knowledge, in a well harnessed manner to achieve her goals in life. Given the fact that the transgender student is going to be the first of that kind in the school and the fact that students and other stakeholders in the school have not had any previous experience of accommodating such transgender students and integrating with them, the best way to offer support to assist the successful transition and integration of the student into the school is to use a psychological approach (Transitional Roadmap, 2012). Meanwhile, it has been said also that the physical aspects of transitional gender are easier to deal with as against the psychological, as the physical aspects are easily seen and can thus be solved easily (Henderson, 2003, p. 140). What this means is that if the psychological component of the present situation is handled, more than half of the problem will be solved. In

Distance Selling Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Distance Selling Regulations - Essay Example Under this provision, consumers get a cooling-off period of seven working days. This paper will explore the factors associated with distance selling regulations. It will also examine how consumer electronic sales can be promoted using e-commerce techniques. The term consumer electronics got popularity in the early 20th century. It refers to all electronic devices that are beneficial for everyday use (Consumer electronics). Personal computers, television, and MP3 players are some examples of consumer electronic products. In the modern technological world, consumer electronics sales grow rapidly as people largely depend on electronic equipments in day to day life. In the opinion of analysts from the Consumer Electronics Association (as cited in McGrath, 2011), the consumer electronic sales may approach even top of $1 trillion. The increased market demand for consumer electronic products has led to the emergence of large numbers of multinational companies which deal with consumer electr onics products. At this juncture, strategic changes in production and distribution of these products have become essential so as to govern the market. According to Burnett (n.d.), it is suggestible for the consumer electronics vendors to adopt some innovative sales promotion techniques such as price deals, contests, and sweepstakes.

UK employment law on unfair dismissal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UK employment law on unfair dismissal - Essay Example 2006) and it is necessary to refer to the common law test for defining the status of employee. The statutory provision is bolstered by the Ready Mixed Concrete test (Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions & National Insurance [1968] 2 QB 497), which requires an examination of the â€Å"overall picture† (Jupp, 2005) The starting point for determining whether an individual is an employee is the â€Å"control† test (Honeyball & Bowers. 2006). This was established in the case if Yewens v Noakes (1880 6 Q.B.D. 530), where Bramwell LJ asserted that â€Å"A servant is a person subject to the command of his master as to the manner in which he shall do his work† (at p.532-533). However, socio-economic developments in the labour market have changed the shape of employment status, thereby undermining the suitability of the control test as a sole determinant of employment status (Pitt, G. 2007). This was further acknowledged by the Court of Appeal in the case of Walker v Crystal Palace FC ([1910] 1 KB 87), where the control test was given a different slant by focusing on whether the employer had the right to control the background arrangements for the work such as when and where the work was done, payments and holiday entitlements. However, the Walker extension of the control test was further developed into the â€Å"integration† test as propounded by Lord Denning in the case of Stevenson Jordan and Harrison v MacDonald & Evans ([1952] 1 TLR 101) â€Å"†¦under a contract of service, a man is employed as part of the business and his work is done as an integral part of the business; whereas under a contract for services, his work, although done for the business, is not integrated into it but is only accessory to it† (at p.111). Alternatively, factors pertaining to the working arrangement between the Mandox household vis-à  -vis Bill and the nannies will also be important in determining employee status such as responsibility for tax, national

Louis Vuitton position in the Japanese market Case Study - 1

Louis Vuitton position in the Japanese market - Case Study Example In light of the market trends, Louis Vuitton has strategically adapted new market approaches to the Japanese market. Following the global economic recession of 2008-2009, Japanese luxury goods consumers have become more price conscious. Vis a vis, Louis Vuitton has been forced to re-evaluate its primary marketing strategy of premium brands in the case of the Japanese economy. The company lacks a comprehensive Japanese culture-oriented marketing strategy that would differentiate between the dynamics of the western market and the Japanese market. Employment of the Louis Vuitton global strategy fails to incorporate the cultural aspects of Japanese consumers in terms of price, quality and value addition. The company’s success in the Japanese market has been driven principally by the group- culture that strongly promotes possession of luxury goods by consumers (Paul and Feroul, 2010). However, the market has been characterized by consumers increased value for their money, thereby a voiding premium-priced luxury goods. Louis Vuitton position in the Japanese market has further been weakened by new marketing strategies by rival brands who have lowered their prices to attract price-sensitive consumers. To maintain its customer base, Louis Vuitton has been forced to also reevaluate its pricing strategies. To cushion themselves from harsh trends in the luxury goods market, rival firms have diversified their services and product portfolio to include non-traditional products. Chocolatier Godiva had announced plans to open up cafes in Tokyo while Vertu a mobile phone company had plans to open up shops in Ginza. Therefore, Louis Vuitton runs the risk of solely depending on luxury goods market. The Japanese market has been identified to be cyclical, characterized by periods of extensive consumer spending, which are followed with reduce consumer expenditure.  

Course Work 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course Work 1 - Coursework Example The introduction needs to be more specific, using apt legal terminology, and stating the facts of the case clearly. Besides, the introduction should also have identified the terms of reference of the court, or the basic point at dispute in the court, right at the beginning of the summary and not in the second body passage. In many places, the summary lacks clarity due to spelling errors or failing to follow the appropriate norms of writing. For example, â€Å"whether† is spelt in the second paragraph as â€Å"weather† and the name Pretty has not been capitalised, thus creating a misunderstanding in the readers that the word is used in the sense of an adjective rather than as a name. The summary also fails to use the exact legal terminology while referring to several of the legal aspects of the case. For instance, the term â€Å"blanket prohibition on euthanasia and assisted suicide† has often been referred to as merely â€Å"blanket† that confuses the read ers. In addition, the summary also flouts many conventions of professional writing and on occasions relegates itself to the level of an informal talk. The use of contractions and second person POV are some examples of this. The summary calls for a revision, and rewriting, by meticulously following the usual conventions for writing professional legal summaries. It needs to be outlined properly and structured logically by organising it in an appropriate sequence. The writer also needs to be specific and use proper legal jargons rather than writing in layman language. This will render the text a better flow and cohesiveness apart from clearly communicating the ideas of the writer to the audience. Rewritten Summary: An appeal was filed by Nicklinson & others in the Divisional Court against a decision of the European Court of Justice, naming the Director of Public Prosecution (DPP) as prime respondent. The terms of reference for the court were: (1) to determine whether necessity constitu tes a sufficient reason as defence against prosecution in the case of euthanasia or assisted suicide, (2) whether prohibition of assisted suicide constitutes a disproportionate interference with Art 8 of ECHR 1950, and (3) whether there is a necessity for DPP to clearly set out the circumstances under which prosecution will be initiated in cases of assisted suicide to make the law more transparent to healthcare professionals. The appellants, terminally suffering and crucially disabled, did not want to continue their lives but could not self-terminate. Thus, they wanted to seek medical assistance to kill themselves. With the above terms of references and using precedence in such cases, the court held that the case could not be ruled in the appellant’s (L) favour because such a decision would violate the sanctity of life as envisaged in Article 2. The court further held that it is unlawful under Sec 2 of the Suicide Act 2010 and if any person assists another in euthanasia or su icide, he or she will have to be prosecuted for homicide. Further, on the issue of whether necessity constitutes and defence against prosecution in the case of assisted suicide, as in the case of Purdy Vs United Kingdom (2010) AC 45, the court ruled that the blanket prohibition on euthanasia or assisted suicide cannot be construed as disproportionate interference with Article 8 of ECHR 1950, which protects the privacy of a citizen. The court further

An Effective Manager of Home Depot Essay Example for Free

An Effective Manager of Home Depot Essay According to Robbins and Coulter (2005), effective managers all over the world acknowledge the role that strategic management plays in their organization’s performance. Moreover, Drucker (2004) said that the gauge of an effective manager or executive is the ability to get the right things done. This typically entails doing what other individuals have ignored in addition to avoiding what is unproductive. Imagination, intelligence, and knowledge might all be wasted in an executive job without the attained habits of mind that form them into results. I believe that Bob Nardelli is exhibiting these characteristics and management style of an effective manager as he leads Home Depot to become continually successful in its operations. As he triumphed over various problems in managing the company and a s a result oh his managerial strategy, Home Depot is now has now increased sales by 60 percent and earnings per share by 105 percent (Business Week Online, 2006). During his first day as CEO at Home Depot in the year 2000, the company has various problems to deal with, some of which, were as follows: it lacked the necessary infrastructure to send even a companywide electronic mail, Home Depot stores were already run-down and was being known as a store with poor customer service, the stores’ shipments were logged using pencil and clipboard, and Home Depot stores did not have automated inventory systems (Sellers, 2001). Being a visionary leader that he is, Nardelli believed that better processes must lead to better quality ad higher profits for Home Depot. He employed strategic management in planning to improve the company. As asserted by Robbins and Coulter (2005), the prevailing belief in management theory and society on the whole is that managers are completely responsible or accountable for an organization’s success or failure. However, Nardelli demonstrated that aside from the fact that much of an organization’s success or failure is because of external forces outside of the manager’s control, the manager has a big responsibility in making decisions for the success of the organization. A major component of Nardellis far-reaching move to reform Home Depot, which is considered to be the world’s third-largest retailer, into a more centralized company, include importing people, ideas, and platitudes from the military (Business Week Online, 2006). This might be an unwelcome concept in management circles; however, Nardelli couldnt care less. He believes that it is a vital aspect of his strategy to lead in a cumbersome 2,048-store chain and get ready for its next leg of growth (Business Week Online, 2006). In an uncertain and dynamic environment, real world organizations employ strategic decision-making when making decisions offers managers with a comprehensive and systematic means for taking into consideration the external environment, concentrating on an organization’s strength, reducing weaknesses, and recognizing opportunities in which an organization can have a competitive edge (Shafritz Hyde, 2004). As maintained by Holstein (2004), the Nardelli decision-making model might help create a pattern for other CEOs who have been extremely frustrated and disillusioned by their lack of success in harnessing technology. In transforming Home Depot to what it is now, Nardelli increased information technology spending by almost 20 percent (Sellers, 2001). Then in year 2003 Nardelli spent a total of $400 million on inventory shipping and tracking systems (Sellers, 2001). Aside from these, Nardelli also spent around $250 million refurbishing Home Depot stores (Pellet, 2001). This included the installation of self-checkout systems in 800 stores to lessen customer lines and ease up salespeople. This also included the establishment of two-way cordless scanners, which enabled products to be price-scanned in the shopping cart, in this manner shortening lines. Being an effective manager, he also paid attention to motivating the organization’s workers. Armstrong (2002) said that in providing rewards to employees, supervisors and managers should identify what rewards will succeed for specific employees at any given time. Even though supervisors and managers might not be able to have power over certain rewards like benefits or wages, they have the liberty to give out rewards like recognition and praise. In Home Depot, Nardelli instituted innovations in providing rewards and in human resource management. First, he substituted 157 different employee evaluation forms with two (Pellet, 2001). In addition, coworkers, above and beneath them, rated aalaried personnel from the CEO down and salaries were derived from the scores. Then during a period when Home Depot was planning to hire approximately 100,000 new employees, Nardelli did not automatically fire those employees with poor scores (Pellet, 2001). Nardelli first requested for the advice of others and informed underperformers precisely what they were doing wrong. This way, Nardelli showed that it is important for a manager to vigorously seek opposing opinions and inquire regarding the basis for those opinions before selecting a course of action is being stressed, instead of acting on the basis of tacit or pre-arranged agreement. Necessarily, this needs constantly listening with real curiosity so as to promote development of different opinions and supporting rationales, instead of merely setting forth suggestions and working to make agreement around them (Drucker, 2004). Furthermore, Nardelli seemed to follow step two in Peter Drucker’s model (204) that executives require both themselves and their staff or subordinates what they contribute presently to the organization and what they could contribute to the organization in the future. In Home Depot, Nardelli asserted that in spite of whether a person’s belief of what he/she now contributes, or could contribute, equals his/her managers belief, emphasizing and bringing out the importance of everybody’s role as a contributor is necessary to the organizations general effectiveness. In initiating change in Home Depot, Nardelli showed that everybody in the organization makes decisions; nevertheless, decision-making is specifically vital in a manager’s job. I think that he followed what Robbins and Coulter (2005) said that decision-making is part of all four managerial functions – planning, organizing, leading, controlling, and that decision-making is synonymous with managing. Holstein (2004) has written that when Nardelli joined Home Depot, the challenge of improving the company’s supply chain and logistics became apparent because the company is way behind other stores in these areas. Hence, he established a model called â€Å"full truckload to the store,† which means that the more you brought, the more it would oblige you to sell, since you get kind of jammed (Holstein, 2004). In terms of information technology, at Home Depot, Nardelli has established a system of checks and balances (Sellers, 2001). The manner is which Nardelli is managing the technological transformation is attracting attention and interest from other executives and managers. Sellers (2001) said that Nardelli has borrowed from the CE playbook to establish a system of checks and balances on how technology is managed, and Nardelli has likewise incorporated technology decisions deeply into his business strategy in runring and managing Home Depot. Furthermore, Nardelli likewise employed building deeper relationships with fewer vendors. As stated earlier, the Nardelli decision-making model might possibly help create a pattern for other CEOs who have been exceedingly frustrated and disillusioned by their lack of success in utilizing technology. In conclusion, in transforming Home Depot to become the earning company that it is now, I believe that Nardelli demonstrated that leadership is the capability to influence people or groups toward the accomplishment of goals. As a process, Nardelli showed that leadership forms the goals of an organization or group, inspires behavior toward the attainment of those goals, and helps characterize organizational or group culture; hence, it is fundamentally a process of influence. # References Armstrong, M. (2002). Employee Reward (3rd Edition), CIPD: London. Drucker, Peter. â€Å"What Makes an Effective Executive,† Harvard Business Review, Vol. 82, No. 6, June 2004. Holstein, W. (2004). â€Å"The Depot goes digital: how CEO Bob Nardelli is managing a $2 billion technology transformation,† The Chief Executive. Pellet, J. (2001). â€Å"Mr. Fix-It Steps In,† Chief Executive. â€Å"Renovating Home Depot. † (2006). Business Week Online. Robbins, S. , M. Coulter. (2005). Management, (8th ed. ). Prentice Hall. Sellers, P. (2001). â€Å"Exit the Builder, Enter the Repairman: Home Depots Arthur Blank Is Out. New CEO Bob Nardelli Is In. His Job: To Tackle the Companys Renovation after Two Decades of Nonstop Expansion,† Fortune. Shafritz, J. M. A. Hyde. (2004). Classics of Public Administration, 5th ed. Belmont , CA : Wadsworth/Thompson

Scientific and Behaviourist School of Management

Scientific and Behaviourist School of Management Management in all business organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. It comprises of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling an organization for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management has therefore defined as a process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently. Management is a goal oriented process. Management increases the efficiency of the organisation and the development of society. Management is a continuous process with separate functions performed by all managers at all times. Management is a dynamic function and has to adapt itself to the changing environment. An organisation interacts with external and internal environments and needs to change itself and its goals accordingly. Management is responsi ble for setting and achieving objectives for the organisation. A few of its basic objectives are to survive, generate profits year on year, growth in terms of sales volume and product line while sustaining the social environment. Introduction of Scientific Management Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1915, Philadelphia) was a trained engineer who advocated the concept of Industrial Efficiency. Taylor is known as the Father of Scientific Management and is regarded as one of the first most successful Management Consultants. He is most famous for his Time and Motion Study and the Piece Rate system that he introduced Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, with the objective of improving labour productivity. The core ideas of the theory were developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s, and were first published in his monographs, Shop Management and The Principles of Scientific Management. Taylor believed that decisions based upon tradition and rules of thumb should be replaced by precise procedures developed after careful study of an individual at work. Its application is contingent on a high level of managerial control over employee work practices. Taylorism is a variation on the theme of efficiency it is a late-19th-and-early-20th-century instance of the larger recurring theme in human life of increasing efficiency, decreasing waste, and using empirical methods to decide what matters, rather than uncritically accepting pre-existing ideas of what matters. In management literature today, the greatest use of the concept of Taylorism is as a contrast to a new, improved way of doing business. In political and sociological terms, Taylorism can be seen as the division of labor pushed to its logical extreme, with a consequent de-skilling of the worker and dehumanisation of the workplace. The Principles of Scientific Management Taylors scientific management consisted of four principles: Replace rule of thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. Taylor believed there was only one way to increase efficiency was through study and analysis. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman, whereas in the past the employee chose his own work and trained himself as best he could. Provide Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that workers discrete task Divide work equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific principles of management to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks Taylor decided the workers should get rest after time intervals to recover from time fatigue There should be complete harmony between the management and workers. Management should share the gains of the organisation with the workers. Techniques of Scientific Management 1. Standardisation and simplification of work Standardisation refers to the process of setting standards or benchmarks which must be adhered to during production. Simplification refers at eliminating superfluous varieties, sizes and dimensions. 2. Method Study Method study means to find out the best way of doing a job there are various methods of doing a job. To find out the best way and carry it out from procurement of raw materials till the final product is delivered. eg Ford Motors used this concept and was very successful. The objective was that to minimise the cost of production and maximise the quality and satisfaction of the customer. 3. Motion Study Motion study refers at eliminating unnecessary movements like lifting objects, sitting and changing positions which are undertaken while doing a typical job. 4. Time Study It determines the standard time-taken to perform a well-defined job. Time measuring devices are used for each element of task. The objective of time study is to determine the number of workers to be employed frame suitable incentive schemes and to determine the labour costs. 5. Fatigue Study A person is bound to feel tired physically and mentally if she/he does not rest while working. The rest intervals will help one to regain stamina and work with the same capacity. This will help the organisation to increase productivity. 6. Differential piece wage system Taylor was a strong a strong advocate of piece wage system. He wanted to differentiate between the efficient and the inefficient workers. He had standard time to complete a job. He also rewarded the efficient workers. Introduction to Behaviourist School of Management Elton Mayo (1880 1949, Australia) was the Director of the Department of Industrial Research at Harvard University. He is known as the founder of the Human Relations Movement. Mayos involvement in the most famous Hawthorne Studies led to an altogether different school of thought on management known as the Human Relations Movement. Organisational behaviour is concerned with: the study of behaviour of people within an organisational setting. Organisational behaviour started to be recognized in Harvard business school in 1962. The science of organisational behaviour has developed out of a growing commitment to the belief that people are the most important part of an organisation. Organisational behaviour consists of theories like motivation, leadership, groups and group formation, culture within organisation and change. Principles of Human Relations Management Motivation Motivation is one of the most traditional topics of organisational behaviour. Motivation is the process of stimulating people to action to desired goals. Motivation depends upon satisfying the needs of people. Motivation leads to a drive in the human beings. The organization must try to understand and respect the emotions, sense of recognition and satisfaction of non-monetary needs of the employees. Individuals are motivated by social needs and good on-the-job relationships and respond better to work-group pressure than to management control activities. Organizations are co-operative social systems. Satisfaction of psychological needs should be the primary concern of the management. Informal work groups can have a substantial effect on productivity. This has been proved by the Hawthorne experiment. Leadership Leadership indicates the ability of an individual to influence others. Leadership is not guaranteed from people with leadership titles and informal leaders can emerge at any level where, through being well liked or skilled they exert influence over others. The function of the leader is to co-operate among the employees and to work for the betterment of the organisation. Groups and group formation A group consists of two or more people to achieve common goals. There are two types of groups formal and informal groups. Formal groups are formed to achieve organisational goals and informal work groups emerge naturally in response to the common interests of organisational members. Group formation helps in deciding and dividing the work amongst each other. Group work is very efficient: the team encourages open ended, problem-solving meetings Comparisons between Scientific and Behaviourist School of Management The function of a manager under scientific management is to set a work criterion and to divide the work among the labourers and it was seen as a figure of high authority. While under human relations the leader is responsible to facilitate co-operation and co-ordination among employees and providing them with opportunities to excel as well as to help them in their personal growth and development. Taylorism was against the informal groups because they believed the employees worked as mechanical passive only for monetary rewards whereas the behaviourist school of management believed in informal groups as this facilitates communication and co-operation among employees which will help to achieve the organisational goals. Scientific management is only aimed at the organisational growth and very little attention is paid to the workers growth or performance. While in human relations it is aimed at organisational growth as well as individual growth of the worker. As per Taylor, the sole motivator for a worker was monetary incentive. Therefore, the worker under scientific management was an economic man. According to Mayo, satisfaction of social wants of the workers like communication and the sense of acceptance was the driving force of the organization. Therefore, the worker under the human relations movement was a social man. Scientific management treated the worker as a human machine and used the differential system for motivation. While, the human relations movement held that the satisfaction of the worker would enhance his productivity at the work place. Conclusion Both the schools of management thoughts were so different from each other in their approach they shared common grounds on one issue increasing productivity which is the ultimate goal of an organisation. Scientific management believed that planning should be separated from doing, Human resources believed in a far wider participation when it came to decision-making. Whereas, Reshef. Y says in his web publication that The Human Relations movement emphasized emotional aspects in human behaviour, yet still maintained the division of labour between those who planned and those who executed. While both mean the same, there is a slight difference in the two statements. Hence it can be concluded both aim towards the common goal. Hence it can be concluded both of them have different principles and policies their final is to achieve organisational goal through organisational excellence and increased efficiency. A good manager is one who applies a blend of both the management theories into pract ice. Thus scientific management and human relation management can be two wheels of the same cart and none is superior to the other.

Saving behaviour of Malaysian university students

Saving behaviour of Malaysian university students The purpose of doing this research is to determine the factors that influence the saving behavior towards private and public university students in Malaysia. There is an introduction regarding the research background about the factors influence the saving behavior towards private and public university students in Malaysia. For information, it determines the objectives of entire research and also justifies significant of research which outlines the purpose of this research. In addition, it also provided the definition for important terms throughout the research. With the rapid development of the financial system and the broader array of financial products and services available to consumers, there is an increasing need for Malaysians to make wise savings and investment decisions that will have lasting implications for their financial well-being. Due to the many peoples lack of the skill to manage their financial status, financial problems increase day by day. As a result, the understanding of the important of saving behavior and a clear picture of this matter is an important element to us. We are required to get a full answer from the problem. Previously there are a lot of researches had been done by other researcher. However, the studied is not well enough to give an insight or the key for the problem. The research is going to identify research problems by gathering all relevant and appropriate sources to support the statements and see how other researchers have perceived regarding the topic area. All data collected from previous studies are used to demonstrate the relationship between independent and dependent variables and it will show how independent variables make impact on the dependent variable. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.2 Independent Variables 2.2.1 Demographic Factors Soo (2009) explained that demographic variables played a significant role in explaining attitude toward saving. However, when demographic variables were not considered, characteristics of saving goals and individual regulatory orientation were significantly related to attitude toward saving. In addition, the effect of saving goals was moderated by a households regulatory orientation. Moreover, it was concluded that saving goals affect attitude towards saving and saving behavior among peoples. Based on Jehad (2007), understanding the demographic problem behind the saving patterns is benefits for designing effective public policy. Age According with Joe, Hadley Balasundram (2002), many college students were unworried about their own financial status, future wealth, and retirement planning. Thus, the attitudes of the preschool children toward saving can consider an important personal characteristic because it may give an impact to them for their future life. (John Andrew, 2002). Nowadays young generation have low level of financial literacy, which due to their uncontrolled expenditure behavior. In the advancing ages, it would be quite difficult for an individual to develop the habit of systematic manage their financial planning (Pillai, Rozita Rachel, 2010). Due to the age factor, youth lack of the skill of financial literacy compared to middle-aged and older adults who have more experienced in financial planning (Pillai et. al., 2010). Besides, based on Elsa, Annamaria Chiara (2009), older individuals may have little discretionary saving the reason is because the amount of saving is already providing for their future retirement needs. From the research of Mohamad Maurice (2010), students who had late enrolled in their childhood consumer experience were considerably less likely to report financial problems. Moreover, Students are never required to educate themselves on personal finance. Once they enter the workforce, they will likely not take the time to become more financially literate and will not adequately prepare for their retirement (Chris Oliver, 2011). In contrast, the younger generation and the elderly save very little primarily due to their lower income, respectively. Thus, the life cycle hypothesis implies that private saving rises with a higher percentage of the working population, and falls with a higher percentage of the younger generation and aging population .According to the life cycle hypothesis, the middle age groups were categories to be the best in managing their saving. The life cycle hypothesis also suggests that young and old groups are the least likely to save because of their situation (Jehad 2007). A positive relationship between age and saving has been reported in many studies (Chang, 1994; Johnson Widdows, 1985; Browning Lusardi, 1996). Browning andLusardi documented a complex relationship between age and saving. Using crosssectional data, they concluded that elderly savings can be complicated by a cohort effect. Generally, people reaching maturity at different times might vary their attitude toward risk and borrowing, consequently affecting their saving rate. Using panel data, Hurd (1990) reported a decline in wealth among the elderly, suggesting a negative relationship between age and saving. Other studies compared the actual saving rate of different age groups with the expected saving rate based on economic models. Browning and Crossley (2001) concluded that while the elderly dissave, their actual dissaving rate is not as large as that predicted by an economic model. Avery and Kennickell (1991) found that age groups older than 65 saved more than what would be expected ba sed on an economic model. Gender According with Maria Stephanie (2002), studies in the field of psychometrics had found out that female attitude toward risk differs from male and demonstrates that gender is a powerful determinant of risk attitudes and judgments. The Study of John Andrew (2002) had show that the mothers attitudes are systematically both more important and than man. It can be said that female students were more likely to engage in savings behavior than male students (Maria et. al., 2002) In addition, according from Mohamad, Maurice, Jariah, Tahira Mohd (2008), female students had greater financial well-being than male students. From Angela, Urvi Erik (2008), it stated that women wealth has historically been lower than men. Moreover, the results of the current study had showed that there has an existing of the differences within saving behaviors between men and women (Angela et. al., 2008). Patti (2010) had reported that women who were in poor health condition were seldom to make their saving in the short period, while poor health condition did not significantly influence the short term saving of men. Furthermore, Patti et. al., (2010) has shown that the economic wellbeing and financial behaviors of male and female differ significantly. Female hold lower levels of wealth and have significantly lower earnings than male. Gender based differences in behavior that are systematic and widespread can influence consumptions, savings, investment and the level of risk taking at aggregate level were mentioned by (Szekeres et. al., 2010). The researches on developing countries proved that women may have a stronger preference than men for buying goods and services that contribute to the human capital of their children, such as food, education, and health care (Valeria, 2010). The study of Szekeres (2010) show that the term of gender refers to socially learned behaviors that are associated with females and males. Parents Marital Status David (2010) the analysis indicates that marital-status transitions play an important role that can impacts on personal saving decisions especially in the cases of widowhood and divorce. It stated that, when people get married, form a family, or separate through divorce or widowhood, they can experience dramatic changes in their financial positions. Therefore, the marital status and children almost certainly affect household resources, preferences, and background risk, and these elements lie at the heart of any analysis of optimal asset allocation and wealth buildup over the life cycle. In addition, households experience an increase in wealth due to the merging of the spouses assets after they marriage. Moreover, household heads of each gender must engage one of five states at the beginning of each age. They can be married, divorced, widowed, never married, or deceased. According to Berkay (2010), it suggested that the legalization of divorce led to a significant increase in the propensity to save by married individuals, which is consistent with individuals saving more as a response to the increase in the probability of marital breakup. Moreover, from the same research, some theoretical work has made a challenge to introduce marriage and divorce explicitly in a model of savings. It argued that different channels through which marital transitions can have an effect on consumption and savings. Avery and Kennickell (1991) reported that during a three-year period the wealth of those married or single (for the entire period) increased, which indicated saving. However, wealth decreased for those whose status changed between 1983 and 1986. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) discovered that households with single heads and children, households with married heads and children, and households with single female heads without children were less likely to save, relative to households with single male heads without children. Households with children tend to save less (Douthitt Fedyk, 1989; Bosworth et al. 1991; Browning Crossley, 2001; Freyland, 2004; Deaton, 2005). Ethnicity According to Yusof, Erik Bart (2000), there were large fraction of the ethnic Malay work in low-wage industries, whereas the ethnic Chinese and Indians frequently work in high-wage industries. For information, Mohamad Maurice (2010) were found that it has a negative coefficient indicating that Chinese students were substantially less likely to have effective financial behavior than the reference category such as Malay, Indian and others. Perry and Morris (2005) used data from the 1999 Freddie Mac Consumer Credit Survey to examine responsible financial behaviors, such as saving money. They found low-income African Americans were more likely to engage in responsible financial behaviors than their low-income White counterparts. The research did not find a significant interaction effect between race and income with respect to responsible financial behaviors for the Asian and Hispanic groups. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) found that households with a White respondent were more likely to save than those with Black or Hispanic respondents. They also found that Black households were significantly less likely to save than White households. However, Hogarth and Anguelov (2003) found that Hispanics were more likely than Whites to be savers. Their results showed no differences among Blacks, Whites, and other races in likelihood of being a saver. 2.1.2 Family Structure An additional child might cause a negative influence on a familys ability to save while. On the other hand, it may boost up the parents desire to save more (Tim, Sandra, Roslyn, Robert, 2006). The studies of Kathy (2009) had mentioned that the geographical redistribution of financial infrastructure, away from lower income communities, has resulted in geographical pockets of financial exclusion, economic decline, poverty and deprivation, as low-income households often do not have access to financial institutions and savings incentives. Additionally, low-income consumers often have to suffice with lower quality goods and services. They may have no choice but to purchase second hand goods, an option that is almost always viewed as second best (Joseph et. al., 2009). Besides, Additionally one can speculate about whether students from wealthy families might have had more and earlier consumer experience and greater financial socialization, so that those who scored higher on those predictors might also be able to rely more on their parents to assist them after graduation (Mohamad Maurice,2010) From the research of John Andrew (2002), it shows that parents wealth residuals are correlated to childrens wealth residuals. In other words, parents who save more than expected are more likely to have children who also save more than expected even after controlling for parental wealth. In addition, the first prediction of the model of the research were the savings behavior of children should be similar to that of their parents, controlling for income, age and other demographic variables. Thus, children observe parents consumption and planning behavior and may learn, or simply absorb, particular attitudes that affect savings behavior. Furthermore, homogeneity within communities and heterogeneity across communities could lead to relationships between parents and childrens behaviors. In between, the parental wealth may have direct effects on childrens behavior. Household income or lifetime earnings are positively associated with increases in household savings (Browning Lusardi, 1996; Chang, 1994; Rha, Montalto, Hanna, 2006; Hurd Zissimopoulus, 2003). Perry and Morris (2005) found that people with higher incomes were more likely to engage in responsible financial management behaviors, such as saving money. Avery and Kennickell (1991) reported that individuals with incomes more than $50,000 saved more than economic theory would suggest. Chang (1994) noted that income had a positive effect on saving. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) found a positive relationship between household income and the probability of saving. Browning and Lusardi (1996) noted that households with greater income uncertainty possessed higher savings from current income. 2.2 Spending Pattern Pillai et. al., 2010 With availability of generous pocket money, personal credit cards, access to credit cards of family members or high-paid jobs at prime age, young people are faster becoming impulsive spenders and prove reckless often. Moreover, strategic marketers are designing products and services targeting young generation. With the ease of information access through the Internet and web technology, marketers have managed to capture a significant market of youth through online store sales. In the Asian subcontinent, new trends in fashion, electronic gadgets, sports, video games, mall culture and music are important contributors to wasteful spending among the youth. Most of todays young adults, although smart and independent, scarcely understand the value of money because of the desire to adopt extravagant lifestyles, in addition the above mentioned factors. Young adults under the age of 30 are now the fastest growing age group filing for bankruptcy. Besides, evidences show tha t college students tend to spend their discretionary income on instant gratification of their wants rather than save money for their further education. Hibbert, Beutler Martin (2004) examine the influence of parental financial prudence on the attitude and behaviors of the next generation toward their finances. The study underscores the importance of family atmosphere to inculcate the necessity of being rational in personal financial management from the very early life of a person. Moreover, keeping personal financial records makes one to keep track of his or her various expenses and also develop the qualities of a cautious spender because one is constantly aware of how much he/she has spent probably during the last week, month or year. For information, spending in excess of their earnings is one of the most common problems faced by young adults today. The youth are following the I want philosophy, that is, they are more interested in accumulating material possessions than saving money and this leads to the domino effect of making impulsive purchasing decisions resulting in overspending and shortage of money. In addition, credit car d use habit has grown phenomenally among young adults. This increase in the number of youth holding credit cards and incurring credit card debt has generated concern that these young people are over extended and unaware of the long-term consequences associated with severe indebtedness. Moreover, John Andrew (2002) had mentioned that children are always be able to observe parents spending and planning behavior and learn the behavior from them. Mohamad Maurice (2010) stated that more than half of the respondents did not save any money when they received their scholarship or education loan. More than half of the students used their money for shopping. The data showed that 45 percent of them spent all their money before the end of the semester. 2.3 Educational Qualification It is obvious that people who are educated would be more aware about their future life. Thus, the important on saving might be one of the factors that make them taking into their consideration (Joseph, Clifford Annette, 2011). In addition, Masud, Husniyah, Laily, Sonya (2004) had pointed out that it is possible for educators to offer a course that teaches the financial skills necessary to overcome the financial problems among university students. For information, John Marco (2000) explored that the parents education levels would have a causal effect on childs education. Moreover, Mohamad Maurice (2010) stated that those students with higher financial knowledge were more likely to engage in saving behavior. Furthermore, the research said that the college-educated parents are strongly associated with higher residuals, it may effect that survives controlling for wealth (John Andrew 2002). Angela, Urvi Erik (2008) predictable a bargaining model of household saving behavior and found out those households where the husband had more education than the wife had lower levels of net worth. Higher rates of tertiary education which could perhaps be counted as another form of investment have also contributed to increasing debt (Janice,2007) 2.4 Sibling Rank Keister (2003) found that the number of siblings a person has is a significant predictor of the importance one places on saving for retirement. The more siblings one has, the less time each child has devoted exclusively to them from their parents. Parents with more children tend to save less and have less time to educate each child about saving. Also, the more siblings one has the less likely their parents are to pay for college, give them a car, or put the down payment on their first home. This causes them to have to pay for these items with no financial assistance from their parents. They are forced to start their finances off in debt and once someone is in debt, they often remain there for the rest of their lives. In addition, the more siblings one has the less likely they are to receive an inheritance when their parents pass away. In addition, it also finds that overall, the more siblings one has the less wealth accumulation they are likely to achieve. 2.5 Place of Origin Masud, Husniyah, Laily Sonya (2004) had mentioned that when the place of origin was compared, a higher percentage of those from rural areas reported experiencing more problems compared to those from urban areas. Students from rural areas may have a limited amount of resources in comparison to urban area students. Soo(2009). A students residential status can also influence the problems he or she faces. A higher percentage of those living off campus did not have sufficient money to last until the end of semester compared to those living on campus. Students living off campus spend more money on items that students on campus do not have to pay for, such as gasoline for commuting. Yet, a higher percentage of students living on campus reported skipping meals to save money. Since their money was not sufficient to last until the end semester, several students have to borrow money from friends. Thirty percent of males and no females indicated that they plan to pay off their debt when they get the money.

Computer Engineering :: Essays Papers

Computer Engineering Computer engineering is a relatively new field of engineering and is one of the fastest growing fields today. Computer engineering is one of today’s most technologically based jobs (Basta 71).The field of computer engineering combines the knowledge of electrical engineering and computer science to create advanced computer systems. Computer engineering involves the process of designing and manufacturing computer chips processors, memory systems, central processing units, and of peripheral devices . Computer engineers work with CAD(computer aided design) programs and different computer languages so they can create and program computer systems (Gelenter 82). Computer engineers use today’s best technology to create tomorrow’s. Computer engineers require a high level of training and intelligence to be skilled at their job. A bachelors degree from a college or university with a good computer engineering program computer science program is necessary (Basta 71). Then once employed their usually is a on the job type of training program to learn the certain types of systems that will be designed and manufactured. Computer engineers major studies conventional electronic engineering, computer science and math in college. The electrical engineering knowledge that a computer engineer possesses allow for a understanding of the apparatus that goes into a computer so that they can be designed and built (UCSD 2). The computer science part gives a engineer much needed wisdom on how software makes a computer system run and perform tasks. There are a few different types of employers computer engineers could work for today. The first is for a major computer company actually designing whole computer systems for say Compaq or Macintosh. Then their are the type that works for computer components such as peripheral systems and microchips such as Intel (Gelenter 90). Then their are the engineers that design everyday electronic components such as bank machines and cell phones. The job outlook of computer engineering is very good. More and more computer systems are being created every day and the demand for computer engineers is just going to keep on growing (UCSD 1). For example Chris Kolnik (who is studying to become a computer engineer) says that their is no end in sight to the growth the computer industry.

vietnam war :: essays research papers

Choices Tim O’Brien was drafted to the Vietnam War. He didn’t want to go to the war. So he went to the northern woods in the northern Minnesota. He had to make a choice whether to go to the war or not to go to the war. After spending six days with guy Elroy he decides to go. Tim O’Brien went to the war for the wrong reasons. He didn’t even think that there should be a war. He saw no reason at all why they should be fighting. He says â€Å"I was drafted to a war I hated... [I was] politically naive, but even so the American war in Vietnam seemed to me wrong. Certain blood shed for uncertain reason. â€Å"He hated this war and had so many questions about it. he says â€Å" It was my view then, and still is that you don’t make a war without knowing why.† he didn’t believe in it and didn’t know why we were fighting so why should he go to a war. He didn’t want to go to war. He wasn’t made for war. He even says , â€Å"I was no solider. I hated dirt and tents and mosquitoes. The sight of blood made me queasy.......† Now come on he didn’t even like anything to do with outdoors what good would he even do for our country. He minds well stay home and go to school. He was too young and had too much to lose. He even got a scholarship to a good school. â€Å"... I had the world dicked - Phi Beta Kappa and Summa Cum Laude and president of the student body and a full ride scholarship for grad studies at Harvard.† It must have been a mistake cause I was too young. â€Å" a month after graduating from Macalester college. I was drafted to fight a war I hated. I was twenty-one years old, young, yes.† Way too young to go to war. He was too embarrassed not to go. He was afraid to be laughed out of town. â€Å" ... and it was easy to imagine people sitting around a table down at the old Gobbler Cafe on Mainstreet, coffee cups poised, the conversation slowly zeroing in on the young O’Brien kid, how the damned sissy had taken off for Cananda.† Now think about those reasons aren’t very good for going to fight for our country.

The Host Chapter 14: Disputed

It was too much for both of us, seeing him here, now, after already accepting that we'd never see him again, after believing that we'd lost him forever. It froze me solid, made me unable to react. I wanted to look at Uncle Jeb, to understand his heartbreaking answer in the desert, but I couldn't move my eyes. I stared at Jared's face, uncomprehending. Melanie reacted differently. â€Å"Jared,† she cried; through my damaged throat the sound was just a croak. She jerked me forward, much the same way as she had in the desert, assuming control of my frozen body. The only difference was that this time, it was by force. I wasn't able to stop her fast enough. She lurched forward, raising my arms to reach out for him. I screamed a warning at her in my head, but she wasn't listening to me. She was barely aware that I was even there. No one tried to stop her as she staggered toward him. No one but me. She was within inches of touching him, and still she didn't see what I saw. She didn't see how his face had changed in the long months of separation, how it had hardened, how the lines pulled in different directions now. She didn't see that the unconscious smile she remembered would not physically fit on this new face. Only once had she seen his face turn dark and dangerous, and that expression was nothing to the one he wore now. She didn't see, or maybe she didn't care. His reach was longer than mine. Before Melanie could make my fingers touch him, his arm shot out and the back of his hand smashed into the side of my face. The blow was so hard that my feet left the ground before my head slammed into the rock floor. I heard the rest of my body hit the floor with dull thumps, but I didn't feel it. My eyes rolled back in my head, and a ringing sound shimmered in my ears. I fought the dizziness that threatened to spin me unconscious. Stupid, stupid, I whimpered at her. I told you not to do that! Jared's here, Jared's alive, Jared's here. She was incoherent, chanting the words like they were lyrics to a song. I tried to focus my eyes, but the strange ceiling was blinding. I twisted my head away from the light and then swallowed a sob as the motion sent daggers of agony through the side of my face. I could barely handle the pain of this one spontaneous blow. What hope did I have of enduring an intensive, calculated onslaught? There was a shuffle of feet beside me; my eyes moved instinctively to find the threat, and I saw Uncle Jeb standing over me. He had one hand half stretched out toward me, but he hesitated, looking away. I raised my head an inch, stifling another moan, to see what he saw. Jared was walking toward us, and his face was the same as those of the barbarians in the desert-only it was beautiful rather than frightening in its fury. My heart faltered and then beat unevenly, and I wanted to laugh at myself. Did it matter that he was beautiful, that I loved him, when he was going to kill me? I stared at the murder in his expression and tried to hope that rage would win out over expediency, but a true death wish evaded me. Jeb and Jared locked eyes for a long moment. Jared's jaw clenched and unclenched, but Jeb's face was calm. The silent confrontation ended when Jared suddenly exhaled in an angry gust and took a step back. Jeb reached down for my hand and put his other arm around my back to pull me up. My head whirled and ached; my stomach heaved. If it hadn't been empty for days, I might have thrown up. It was like my feet weren't touching the ground. I wobbled and pitched forward. Jeb steadied me and then gripped my elbow to keep me standing. Jared watched all this with a teeth-baring grimace. Like an idiot, Melanie struggled to move toward him again. But I was over the shock of seeing him here and less stupid than she was now. She wouldn't break through again. I locked her away behind every bar I could create in my head. Just be quiet. Can't you see how he loathes me? Anything you say will make it worse. We're dead. But Jared's alive, Jared's here, she crooned. The quiet in the cavern dissolved; whispers came from every side, all at the same time, as if I'd missed some cue. I couldn't make out any meanings in the hissing murmurs. My eyes darted around the mob of humans-every one of them an adult, no smaller, younger figure among them. My heart ached at the absence, and Melanie fought to voice the question. I hushed her firmly. There wasn't anything to see here, nothing but anger and hatred on strangers' faces, or the anger and hatred on Jared's face. Until another man pushed his way through the whispering throng. He was built slim and tall, his skeletal structure more obvious under his skin than most. His hair was washed out, either pale brown or a dark, nondescript blond. Like his bland hair and his long body, his features were mild and thin. There was no anger in his face, which was why it held my eye. The others made way for this apparently unassuming man as if he had some status among them. Only Jared didn't defer to him; he held his ground, staring only at me. The tall man stepped around him, not seeming to notice the obstacle in his path any more than he would a pile of rock. â€Å"Okay, okay,† he said in an oddly cheery voice as he circled Jared and came to face me. â€Å"I'm here. What have we got?† It was Aunt Maggie who answered him, appearing at his elbow. â€Å"Jeb found it in the desert. Used to be our niece Melanie. It seemed to be following the directions he gave her.† She flashed a dirty look at Jeb. â€Å"Mm-hm,† the tall, bony man murmured, his eyes appraising me curiously. It was strange, that appraisal. He looked as if he liked what he saw. I couldn't fathom why he would. My gaze shied away from his, to another woman-a young woman who peered around his side, her hand resting on his arm-my eyes drawn by her vivid hair. Sharon! Melanie cried. Melanie's cousin saw the recognition in my eyes, and her face hardened. I pushed Melanie roughly to the back of my head. Shhh! â€Å"Mm-hm,† the tall man said again, nodding. He reached one hand out to my face and seemed surprised when I recoiled from it, flinching into Jeb's side. â€Å"It's okay,† the tall man said, smiling a little in encouragement. â€Å"I won't hurt you.† He reached toward my face again. I shrunk into Jeb's side like before, but Jeb flexed his arm and nudged me forward. The tall man touched my jaw below my ear, his fingers gentler than I expected, and turned my face away. I felt his finger trace a line on the back of my neck, and I realized that he was examining the scar from my insertion. I watched Jared's face from the corner of my eye. What this man was doing clearly upset him, and I thought I knew why-how he must have hated that slender pink line on my neck. Jared frowned, but I was surprised that some of the anger had drained from his expression. His eyebrows pulled together. It made him look confused. The tall man dropped his hands and stepped away from me. His lips were pursed, his eyes alight with some challenge. â€Å"She looks healthy enough, aside from some recent exhaustion, dehydration, and malnourishment. I think you've put enough water back into her so that the dehydration won't interfere. Okay, then.† He made an odd, unconscious motion with his hands, as if he were washing them. â€Å"Let's get started.† Then his words and his brief examination fit together and I understood-this gentle-seeming man who had just promised not to hurt me was the doctor. Uncle Jeb sighed heavily and closed his eyes. The doctor held a hand out to me, inviting me to put mine in his. I clenched my hands into fists behind my back. He looked at me carefully again, appraising the terror in my eyes. His mouth turned down, but it was not a frown. He was considering how to proceed. â€Å"Kyle, Ian?† he called, craning his neck to search the assembly for the ones he summoned. My knees wobbled when the two big black-haired brothers pressed their way forward. â€Å"I think I need some help. Maybe if you were to carry -† the doctor, who did not look quite so tall standing beside Kyle, began to say. â€Å"No.† Everyone turned to see where the dissent had come from. I didn't need to look, because I recognized the voice. I looked at him anyway. Jared's eyebrows pressed down hard over his eyes; his mouth was twisted into a strange grimace. So many emotions ran across his face, it was hard to pin one down. Anger, defiance, confusion, hatred, fear†¦ pain. The doctor blinked, his face going slack with surprise. â€Å"Jared? Is there a problem?† â€Å"Yes.† Everyone waited. Beside me, Jeb was holding the corners of his lips down as if they were trying to lift into a grin. If that was the case, then the old man had an odd sense of humor. â€Å"And it is?† the doctor asked. Jared answered through his teeth. â€Å"I'll tell you the problem, Doc. What's the difference between letting you have it or Jeb putting a bullet in its head?† I trembled. Jeb patted my arm. The doctor blinked again. â€Å"Well† was all he said. Jared answered his own question. â€Å"The difference is, if Jeb kills it, at least it dies cleanly.† â€Å"Jared.† The doctor's voice was soothing, the same tone he'd used on me. â€Å"We learn so much each time. Maybe this will be the time -â€Å" â€Å"Hah!† Jared snorted. â€Å"I don't see much progress being made, Doc.† Jared will protect us, Melanie thought faintly. It was hard to concentrate enough to form words. Not us, just your body. Close enough†¦ Her voice seemed to come from some distance, from outside my pounding head. Sharon took a step forward so that she stood half in front of the doctor. It was a strangely protective stance. â€Å"There's no point in wasting an opportunity,† she said fiercely. â€Å"We all realize that this is hard for you, Jared, but in the end it's not your decision to make. We have to consider what's best for the majority.† Jared glowered at her. â€Å"No.† The word was a snarl. I could tell he had not whispered the word, yet it was very quiet in my ears. In fact, everything was suddenly quiet. Sharon's lips moved, her finger jabbed at Jared viciously, but all I heard was a soft hissing. Neither one of them took a step, but they seemed to be drifting away from me. I saw the dark-haired brothers step toward Jared with angry faces. I felt my hand try to rise in protest, but it only twitched limply. Jared's face turned red when his lips parted, and the tendons in his neck strained like he was shouting, but I heard nothing. Jeb let go of my arm, and I saw the dull gray of the rifle's barrel swing up beside me. I cringed away from the weapon, though it was not pointed in my direction. This upset my balance, and I watched the room tip very slowly to one side. â€Å"Jamie,† I sighed as the light swirled away from my eyes. Jared's face was suddenly very close, leaning over me with a fierce expression. â€Å"Jamie?† I breathed again, this time a question. â€Å"Jamie?† Jeb's gruff voice answered from somewhere far away. â€Å"The kid is fine. Jared brought him here.† I looked at Jared's tormented face, fast disappearing into the dark mist that covered my eyes. â€Å"Thank you,† I whispered. And then I was lost in the darkness.

Easyinternetcafe Cafe Essay

This case report addresses the ch tout ensembleenges to down a unsanded logistic arranging that if well implemented it can meliorate operations and can convert easy networkcafe into a profitable company. EasyprofitCafe (eIC)is a chain of Internet cafes with stores in the UK, the USA, Holland, Belgium, France, Ger many a nonher(prenominal), Spain and Italy. eIC is part of the Easy Group, headed by the Greek entrepreneur Stelios Haji-Ioannou. The original air model is to build and operate on the principle of economics of scale or succumb Management most stores would be open 24 mins a day, 7 days a week, and each has an mediocre of 350 PCs. In 2003, with losses continuing to mount, eIc management has decided to radically renew their operations. In order to eliminate the desire for future investments in new stores, the system was changed.It has been decided to appoint franchi conditions for the new stores and also, if possible, for the vivacious legacy stores. According to the new strategy, the franchisee would be required to bear the costs of the airscrew and the hardware. It was also decided to move from cosmic stores to smaller stores with 20 to 30 PCs. The real logistic situation represents a hinder and it is hotshot of the major ca enjoyments for the ongoing losses at easy netcafe. After reviewing different logistics scenarios and providers, I strongly recommend taking a closer look to support the logistic alternative that Ingram Micro is proposing. If we do that, we could proceeds in the warehousing, accounting and transportation areas, by dint of all this areas, it will help us reduce the logistics costs and labour per new store, from almost to 2,000.00 to 1,357.00, this and the benefits mentioned before, will help us to achieve our overall objective of organism a profitable company. This will be the strategic perspective that will be demonstrated passim the report.Issue(s) Identification1. Yield Management does not work for each compa ny. eICs first store open(a) in June 1999 opposite in London. briefly afterwards, it was quickly acknowledge that eICs final payment management had certain characteristics that later unnatural the commerce model elC was offering a spunkyly perishable product 1 moment of Internet access age, cannot be put in inventory, at one time that hour is gone, at that place is no demeanor of reselling that hour of internet access date. Although stores are large, condenser is limited Internet access adopt varies, not only by prison term of day, day of week, but also across other time and seasonal horizons. additive costs are next to naught it doesnt matter whether there is one person or 500 in a store, the bandwidth is already there. By the time the second and third stores were opened, eIC had built give out management into its store management system.2. underway Logistics SystemLogistics is not a inwardness competency at elC, but it has stimulate one of the integral activ ities. Logistics for elc means to sum the new stores with their initial assests, including all of the piece of furniture and PCs. This system is a drag on scalability, efficiency and a bottleneck for emergence and the main reason for spiraling high cost and ongoing losses.Environmental and ascendent Cause AnalysisAggressive use of yield management is a recognized and admired business model of Stelios. EasyJet was a profitable company after near a few years of operation. However, with EasyInternetCafe kale seem a long way off, the assumption that offering very first base prices would increase the demand significantly elapse to losses of 80m-100m from 199 to 2002. Below are many root causes of the symptoms above * The stores are in addition large economies of scale dont materialize if occupancy is half empty. * opinionated costs were too high receivable to the quantity of Pcs per store. * Staff overheads were excessive.Assumptions* Are there sufficient customers who want t o use an internet cafe? To-day, most of the homes have internet access, and many others have (free) access at their place of work or at colleges or university. * Are the stores located in the right place to attract customers throughout the day and the whole week? business district cafes might attract business the great unwashed needing to keep in touch, but many city centres are quiet in the evenings and at weekends. By mid-2001, with cash zip out a drastic movement was necessary a franchising plan is cosmos developed. It is important that every cafe looked the same, with ballpark signage, furnishings and PCs.The time to sign a concentrate with a franchise is one week. If the franchisee did not already have space for the caf, eIc would care in recommendations with locations within 28 days. The broadband internet connection had to be installed by the local telecoms supplier within 28 days. Also they need to Desk installed within vii days. Server delivered and installed 2 days and PCs delivered and installed 2 days. CVM delivered and installed 1 day Signage delivered and installed 1 day. Chairs delivered and installed 1 day. Testing complete system 2 days and also Open for business within one day. So, how much time should it take to open the cafe once the contract is signed? From the predecessors plan we see that average duration of time for all activity. Under bellow we discuss or so time of the contract are signed.

Homophobia

Homophobia among University Students The term homophobia, or sotimes referred to as homonegativity and sexual prejudice, refers to an unreasonable fear, avoidance, and discrimination of paederastics. Society has greatly changed their views on homosexuality over the years, yet homophobia calm down exists today. Ex xsive research has been conducted on homosexuality and how it affects our association. A previous suck in aimed at mensuration homophobia examined belles-lettres on the topic since 1987.It was found that firearm society has seen a reduction in homophobia over the early(prenominal) twenty five years, discrimination still stay to be an issue (Ahmad & Bhugra, 2010). Another study was conducted at a university that examined the impact of college sexuality classes on students attitudes toward homosexuality. This study used a comparison group and had thespians of some(prenominal) groups take two muckles, one at the offset of the semester and one at the end.This stud y found that a sexuality curriculum can help to castrate homophobia by exposing students to accurate information (Rogers, McRee & Arntz, 2009). However in that location continues to be issues with measuring such a metier theme for reasons such as, measuring an attitude is serious to do, and acquiring honest responses can also be a ch wholeenge. The present study aims at measuring homophobia among university students by asking a wide set of oppugns roughly the central theme. Methods ParticipantsParticipants were ( ) male and ( ) female undergrad psychology students from a California university. Materials A persuasion was developed around six main themes. Those sixt themes were and thence divided among six groups, three in individually lab, and each group developed five to decennium questions that would meter their assigned theme, and research five to ten more questions from research articles. Seventeen questions were developed to measure homophobia. One question asked if marriage between homosexual individuals is acceptable.Another question asked whether homosexual couples are as answer to raise children as heterosexual couples. Another question asked the participant if they would end a friendship upon discovering a friend was gay. Most answers were presented on a likert scale, utilise anchors 1= potently check up on 2=agree 3= incomplete agree nor disagree 4=disagree 5=strongly disagree. 1=strongly agree 2=agree 3=neither agree nor disagree 4=disagree 5=strongly disagree. However to ensure developmentd reliability, some questions were deleted and replaced with new ones and the suss out was administered a second time.Procedure The survey was posted on psychsurveys. org for three days. Participants were emailed a come to to access to and complete the survey. After the survey was complete, a reliability analysis was done, and some of the questions were replaced with new ones. Participants then had another three days to log bandaging into the s urvey and re-take it. Results Discussion In order to increase this scales reliability, a larger survey should be used in the future to prize homophobia, with more in depth questions about feelings and attitudes around homophobia.Directly asking participants whether or not they are homophobic would create a floor effect because it is flimsy that anyone would identify themselves as homophobic. Instead, many carefully suasion out questions should be used. Developing questions to assess a feeling like homophobia is a difficult task. Questions compulsion to be worded in such a little way as to not lead the participant into answering untruthfully. Questions need to be neutral so that the participant does not feel pressured to answer a certain way.In addition, the answer format was not holy man for all questions in the homophobia section of the survey. Answers were mostly report on a likert scale for statistical purposes, while open-ended responses may have been more insightful. Furt hermore, the pattern used in the current study was all college students from California. Had this survey been administered to non-students from a more conservative state, or at a religious gathering, the results that were obtained may have been greatly different. Conclusion ReferencesMcCann, P. D. , Minichiello, V. , & Plummer, D. (2009). Is homophobia inevitable? Evidence that explores the constructed nature of homophobia, and the techniques through which men unlearn it. Journal of Sociology, 45(2), 201-220. Retrieved from http//jos. sagepub. com. libproxy. csun. edu/ confine/45/2/201. full. pdf html (McCann, Minichiello & Plummer, 2009) Ahmad, S. , & Bhugra, D. (2010). Homophobia An updated review of the literature. internal and relationship therapy, 25(4), 447-455. Retrieved from http//web. bscohost. com. libproxy. csun. edu/ehost/detail? emailprotected&vid=1&hid=122&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== (Ahmad & Bhugra, 2010) Rogers, A. , McRee, N. , & Arntz, D. (2009). Using a col lege human sexuality course to combat homophobia. awaken education, 9(3), 211225. Retrieved from http//web. ebscohost. com. libproxy. csun. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? emailprotected&vid=1&hid=122 (Rogers, McRee & Arntz, 2009)